History of computer complete project

MOLIHSS

 

                                                                                      PREPARED BY: Upesh karki   

SUPERVISED BY: Him koirala

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

1. ABACUS:  Abacus is an earliest calculating device that was first started                                                                                                                                          

from china. It was invented around 3000 BC.

2. NAPPIER’S BONE: The founder of modern logarithms John Napier [born in 1550,

Died in 1617] invented this mechanical device in 1614 AD. This machine is used for multiplication and division.

3. THE SLIDE RULE: William Ought Red invented the slide rule in 1620.this device was based on the principal of logarithm which was developed by John Napier in 1614. There are three main parts of slide rule. They are:

1. The body

                  2. The slide with scales marked on it

                  3. The transparent cursor marked with sharp lines as indicator

4. PASCALINE:  Blaise Pascle developed pascle in 1642. It was the first calculator that can only do addition and subtraction. He invented this because he was tired of adding and subtracting at his fathers tax office.

5. STEPPED RECKNOR: A German mathematician Gottfried Von Leibniz in 1671 invented an improved calculating machine called “Stepped Recknor” which can multiply, divide, and squire root by the process of repeated addition.

6. DIFFERENCE AND ANALITICAL ENGINE

                      Charles Babbage, an English prof. of mathematics invented a machine called Difference Engine in 1822. The machine was capable of computing polynomials. Babbage later designed Analytical Engine in 1833, which was a significant improvement over his former invention of difference engine. The invention of the analytical engine was significant in a way that it had most of the elements present in today’s digital computers system: MILL or a Processing Unit which manipulated data according to the certain rules, a STORAGE which held information/ DATA RECORDED ON PUNCHED CARDS or input and AUTOMATED PRINTING OR COMPUTATIONS or output.

                 When Charles Babbage died Lady Ada Augusta [1816-1852] who was admirer of Babbage and his inventions developed several programs for performing mathematical calculation on the Analytical Engine. It is said that she was the world’s first computer programmer.

7. JACQUARD’S LOOM: A French man named Joseph Marie Jacquard, a mill owner manufactured punched cards at the end of the American Revolution and used them to control looms in 1901. Thus the entire waving process was automatic. With the historical invention of punched cards, the era of storing and retrieving information started that greatly influenced the later inventions and advancements.

8. HOLLERITH TABULATOR

                      In 1887, an American named Dr. Herman Hollerit [1869-1926] brought the improvement on Babbage invention and made first electromechanical punched card tabulator that used punched cards for input, output and instructions.

ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER [ABC]

                All digital computers were ABC, designed`` by Dr.John V.Atanasoff and his student Clifford Berry went into operation in 1942. It used vacuum tubes instead of electromechanical relays and thus was faster. It had a memory consisting of 45 vacuum tubes. This computer was never taken seriously in spite of the fact that it used advance electronics as its application was limited to solving a certain class of problems.    

ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND CALCULATOR [ENIAC]

                 Dr.John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert invented first generation electronic computer with high speed vacuum tube switching devices. physically the computer was huge it was 30*50 ft long, weighted 30 tons,1800 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors,6000 switches, used 150,000 watts of electricity and cost $400,000.

                 It had some drawbacks including the cooling problems because of heat generated by vacuum tubes and it had small memory. It was quiet inflexible and as a result each time the program was changed, the machine had to be rewired.

ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE AUTOMATIC COMPUTER [EDVAC]

John Ven Neumann advanced ENIAC in 1947. Neumann proposed EDVAC that would utilize the stored program concept and also the BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM in stead of decimal number system in EDVAC.

ELECTRONIC DELAY STORAGE AUTOMATIC COMPUTER-I [UNIVAC]

                  Commercial production of stored program electronic computers began in the early 50’s. One such computer was UNIVAC-I built by Univac division of Remington Rand and deliver in 1951. This computer also used vacuum tubes.

                  Initial applications of computers those days ware in science an engineering but with the advent of UNIVAC-I, the prospectus of commercial application were perceived.